Sudan and Rwanda Berlin Conference ·The Berlin Conference was held in Berlin between November 15, 1884 and November 26, 1885, under the leadership of German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. ·Although controlling the slave trade and promoting humanitarian idealism were promoted as the focus of the conference, the conference only passed empty resolutions about the ending of slave trade and providing for the welfare of Africa. ·the result of the Conference was a method of dividing the continent of Africa between the European powers. ·Important because it created the rules for “effective occupation” of conquered lands, ensuring that the division of Africa would take place without war among the European powers.
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Through the Berlin Act, the European powers justified dividing a continent among themselves without considering the desires of the indigenous peoples.
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it seemed to them to be the obvious extension of their imperialism. ·The arbitrary boundaries the Europeans imposed often divided an ethnic group and also brought enemies under the same government causing strife that still exists today. Imperialism in Sudan
By 1821, the Egyptians had control of Sudan, but in 1883 several successful revolts were led by Muhammad Ahmad
Fusing of Power -Britain joined Egypt in 1898 to defeat the Sudanese rebels at The Battle of Omdurman. This expedition was led by General Horatio Kitchener and once the rebels were defeated, -Britain and Egypt decided to rule Sudan together, but Britain held the most power. -After The Battle of Omdurman, Britain realized France was also interested in the Sudan. The two armies met at Fashoda. -This almost caused a war between the two countries, but France finally backed down. Many feel that this friction was a precursor to World War I.
Fashoda -This struggle transpired in the Sudan to the south -Both countries, wanted to unify their respective extremes of the continent, viewed the Sudan area and the upper Nile region as vital. -France was determined to control the area and use it against British Egypt (one plan was diverting the Nile into the Red Sea, killing Egypt in the process). -Britain, battling against the Mahdists in Sudan, advanced to Fashoda, where they were met by the French forces under Marchand who were charged with possessing the area for France. -War eminent, civil strife in France erupted among popular French discontent, placing the French diplomats in no condition to wage war. -A conference was called, which ended in France receiving exclusive control of Morocco and Britain the Sudan. -The French forces were defeated diplomatically -France’s pride and international respect was also left at Fashoda.
Under British and Egyptian Rule ·The Sudanese rebelled again in the early 1900's. Some Sudanese wanted Egypt to rule Sudan; others wanted to be independent and free from all foreign control. ·Those that favored Egyptian rule were led by the Egyptians in a revolt against Britain in 1924. The revolt was crushed, and the British exiled the Egyptian government leaders living in Sudan. ·Then in 1936, Egypt and Britain formed a new agreement to jointly govern Sudan.
Republic of Sudan ·As the Sudanese nationalist movement grew in the 1940's and 1950's, Egypt and Britain agreed to allow the Sudanese to have a part in their government. ·After a vote for self-government by the Sudanese parliament in 1955, Sudan became an independent nation on January 1, 1956.
Darfur Government
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-When Britain invaded Sudan, Darfur was not a part of the country. §It was governed by a Sultan named Ali Dinar. §Ali Dinar was a member of the biggest African tribe in Darfur, known as the Fur. §In 1916, the British soldiers killed Ali Dinar.
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-Britain divided Darfur into sections known as "dars" instead of attempting to govern all of Darfur. §The system seemed to work because of the British's decision to make the preservation of order and security a major priority, and also the relative abundance of fertile land and clean water supplies. -As Britain tried to create a democracy, it created issues between Darfur's Arabs and its Africans. It also eventually led to the outbreak of the civil war in the south.
Genocide in Darfur The country of Sudan can be roughly divided into two on a "racial" basis. ·Of the 38 million people in the country's population, 49 percent are Black Africans. The rest consists of Arabs (38%), Nubians and others (11%). oThere is also a geographical division in terms of where the different peoples live. The Arabs are found in the northern part of the country, while the Black Africans are in the south. In some regions, like Darfur, there has been a lot of intermarriage amongst the various groups so that physical differences have become minor. ·Even before Sudan's 1956 independence from Great Britain, the new government in Khartoum had begun a program of Arabization and Islamization of the whole country. ·War broke out in 1955. John Garang, leader of the Sudan People's Liberation army (SPLA) ·Garang left the army with his southern colleagues and launched a second guerilla war against Khartoum. oGarang was fighting to end economic and political marginalization of southerners by Khartoum and to bring about the establishment of a secular government in Sudan. It took over twenty years. The government was eager to negotiate even to share power with Garang's group. oOn July 9, 2005 Garang was sworn-in as vice president of Sudan just before he was killed in a plane crash in early August 2005. Garang's success with Khartoum inspired the Black African Muslims in Darfur to launch their own military campaign against the Arab Sudanese government in 2003. Under the banner of Sudan Liberation Army (SLA), the Black Africans of Darfur have launched a series of attacks against government targets in the region. The response of the Sudanese government = genocide ·Some media estimates (BBC) suggest a death toll of as much as 350,000 in Darfur. ·Out of a population of 6 million, about 2 million Africans have been forced to flee Darfur into refugee camps in other parts of Sudan and into other countries. Because of the pattern of death dealing, there is a suggestion that what is taking place in Darfur is ethnic cleansing. ·Whole villages have been sacked and razed to the ground by armed groups called Janjaweed. Women are raped. Men are lined up and shot. Survivors are warned never to return to their sacked villages. ·All these things the janjaweed do with impunity without any attempt by the government to stop or punish them. Eye witness accounts say the janjaweed are actually armed and equipped by government. The government denies this. ·What seems clear is that government attitudes have led to worsening condition of life for the Africans and encouraged the escalation of inter-communal conflicts into bloody clashes and mass murders. ·After the attacks on government outposts began in Darfur, Khartoum enjoined Arab tribal leaders to help put down the rebels. It is these tribal leaders that have formed the janjaweed of impunity to depopulate the Darfur region of Black Africans.
Rwanda Imperialism ·Originally, the small country of Rwanda was divided into two major clans, the Hutus and the Twa.The Hutus were a much larger group of farmers, whereas the Twa were extremely small. ·Later on, in the early 13th century, after the Twa became basically non existent, a larger more influential group came into Rwanda.They were known as the Tutsis. ·Hutus and Tutsies seemed to be living in relative peace.Overtime the Tutsis held more prominent positions of power while the Hutus usually acted as the peasants. (Hutus still took up 92 % of the population) ·Rwanda eventually fell victim to the European powers and fell under the rule of Germany in 1885 during the Berlin Conference. ·Rwanda was in a strategic position, as it was local to other neighboring colonies for Germany to watch as well.However, it was not until 1907 that a German leader set up post in Rwanda.His name was Count von Gotzen. ·After WWI, Rwanda was put into the power of Belgium.Belgium kept control of Rwanda from 1919 to 1962. ·When Rwanda eventually became an independent country, they elected President Gregoire Kayibanda. Rwanda Genocide ·In 1963, rebel Tutsis tried to kill the president but failed.12000 Tutsis died because of this act, and led to great tension between the two groups. ·On April 6, 1994 President Habyarimana and the Burundi President were flying together in a plane.Plane was shot down. ·The Hutus contained most of the population, so they blamed the attack fully on the Tutsis.A major genocide broke out.“In retaliation, the RPF again began fighting, though this time not to be stopped. The weak Rwandan military was forced to retreat, and the Rwandan Patriotic Front soon took over complete control of the country.” ·50,000 people killed
Class Outline Berlin Conference ·held in Berlin from Nov 15th, 1884 and Nov 26th 1885 ·The promoted focus of the conference was controlling slave trade and promoting humanitarian ideals but actually passed empty resolutions about both.
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-True result= dividing Africa among European powers without war. ·powers often ignored the desires of the indigenous people living in the country
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Imperialism in Sudan
-By 1821, the Egyptians had control of Sudan, but in 1883 several successful revolts were led by Muhammad Ahmad
- Britain joined Egypt in 1898 to defeat the Sudanese rebels at The Battle of Omdurman. ·After win, both powers decide to co-rule Sudan but Britain has most power. ·Britain realized France was also interested -Confrontation at Fashoda -France and Britain face off, both want control of Sudan.
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-Ends diplomatically with Britain getting Sudan and France gaining Morocco. -Sudanese rebel in early 1900s—some want to be free, others want Egypt to rule -Egyptian supporters revolt in 1924 and are crushed -Egyptian leaders exiled but then joint rule is re-instated in 1936
-In the 40s and 50s, Britain and Egypt allow transfer of power to Sudanese -Gain independence in 1956
Government in Darfur
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-When Britain invaded Sudan, Darfur was not a part of the country. §It was governed by a Sultan named Ali Dinar.
*
-Britain divided Darfur into sections known as "dars" instead of attempting to govern all of Darfur. -As Britain tried to create a democracy, it created issues between Darfur's Arabs and its Africans. -also eventually led to the outbreak of the civil war in the south.
Genocide in Sudan Imperialism In Rwanda Genocide in Rwanda Lasting Effects The majority of Rwandan population was Hutus. ·Hutus were the traditional crop growers. ·Tutsis were landowners. ·European colonists moved in and decided the Tutsis were in charge, due to their land owning, and seemingly aristocratic appearance.
transition pic from darfur to rwanda http://ncowie.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/darfur-poster.jpg
Sudan and Rwanda
Berlin Conference
· The Berlin Conference was held in Berlin between November 15, 1884 and November 26, 1885, under the leadership of German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck.
· Although controlling the slave trade and promoting humanitarian idealism were promoted as the focus of the conference, the conference only passed empty resolutions about the ending of slave trade and providing for the welfare of Africa.
· the result of the Conference was a method of dividing the continent of Africa between the European powers.
· Important because it created the rules for “effective occupation” of conquered lands, ensuring that the division of Africa would take place without war among the European powers.
· The arbitrary boundaries the Europeans imposed often divided an ethnic group and also brought enemies under the same government causing strife that still exists today.
Imperialism in Sudan
By 1821, the Egyptians had control of Sudan, but in 1883 several successful revolts were led by Muhammad Ahmad
Fusing of Power
- Britain joined Egypt in 1898 to defeat the Sudanese rebels at The Battle of Omdurman. This expedition was led by General Horatio Kitchener and once the rebels were defeated,
- Britain and Egypt decided to rule Sudan together, but Britain held the most power.
- After The Battle of Omdurman, Britain realized France was also interested in the Sudan. The two armies met at Fashoda.
- This almost caused a war between the two countries, but France finally backed down. Many feel that this friction was a precursor to World War I.
Fashoda
- This struggle transpired in the Sudan to the south
- Both countries, wanted to unify their respective extremes of the continent, viewed the Sudan area and the upper Nile region as vital.
- France was determined to control the area and use it against British Egypt (one plan was diverting the Nile into the Red Sea, killing Egypt in the process).
-Britain, battling against the Mahdists in Sudan, advanced to Fashoda, where they were met by the French forces under Marchand who were charged with possessing the area for France.
-War eminent, civil strife in France erupted among popular French discontent, placing the French diplomats in no condition to wage war.
- A conference was called, which ended in France receiving exclusive control of Morocco and Britain the Sudan.
-The French forces were defeated diplomatically
-France’s pride and international respect was also left at Fashoda.
Under British and Egyptian Rule
· The Sudanese rebelled again in the early 1900's. Some Sudanese wanted Egypt to rule Sudan; others wanted to be independent and free from all foreign control.
· Those that favored Egyptian rule were led by the Egyptians in a revolt against Britain in 1924. The revolt was crushed, and the British exiled the Egyptian government leaders living in Sudan.
· Then in 1936, Egypt and Britain formed a new agreement to jointly govern Sudan.
Republic of Sudan
· As the Sudanese nationalist movement grew in the 1940's and 1950's, Egypt and Britain agreed to allow the Sudanese to have a part in their government.
· After a vote for self-government by the Sudanese parliament in 1955, Sudan became an independent nation on January 1, 1956.
Darfur Government
§ It was governed by a Sultan named Ali Dinar.
§ Ali Dinar was a member of the biggest African tribe in Darfur, known as the Fur.
§ In 1916, the British soldiers killed Ali Dinar.
§ The system seemed to work because of the British's decision to make the preservation of order and security a major priority, and also the relative abundance of fertile land and clean water supplies.
-As Britain tried to create a democracy, it created issues between Darfur's Arabs and its Africans. It also eventually led to the outbreak of the civil war in the south.
Genocide in Darfur
The country of Sudan can be roughly divided into two on a "racial" basis.
· Of the 38 million people in the country's population, 49 percent are Black Africans. The rest consists of Arabs (38%), Nubians and others (11%).
o There is also a geographical division in terms of where the different peoples live. The Arabs are found in the northern part of the country, while the Black Africans are in the south. In some regions, like Darfur, there has been a lot of intermarriage amongst the various groups so that physical differences have become minor.
· Even before Sudan's 1956 independence from Great Britain, the new government in Khartoum had begun a program of Arabization and Islamization of the whole country.
· War broke out in 1955. John Garang, leader of the Sudan People's Liberation army (SPLA)
· Garang left the army with his southern colleagues and launched a second guerilla war against Khartoum.
o Garang was fighting to end economic and political marginalization of southerners by Khartoum and to bring about the establishment of a secular government in Sudan. It took over twenty years. The government was eager to negotiate even to share power with Garang's group.
o On July 9, 2005 Garang was sworn-in as vice president of Sudan just before he was killed in a plane crash in early August 2005.
Garang's success with Khartoum inspired the Black African Muslims in Darfur to launch their own military campaign against the Arab Sudanese government in 2003. Under the banner of Sudan Liberation Army (SLA), the Black Africans of Darfur have launched a series of attacks against government targets in the region.
The response of the Sudanese government = genocide
· Some media estimates (BBC) suggest a death toll of as much as 350,000 in Darfur.
· Out of a population of 6 million, about 2 million Africans have been forced to flee Darfur into refugee camps in other parts of Sudan and into other countries. Because of the pattern of death dealing, there is a suggestion that what is taking place in Darfur is ethnic cleansing.
· Whole villages have been sacked and razed to the ground by armed groups called Janjaweed. Women are raped. Men are lined up and shot. Survivors are warned never to return to their sacked villages.
· All these things the janjaweed do with impunity without any attempt by the government to stop or punish them. Eye witness accounts say the janjaweed are actually armed and equipped by government. The government denies this.
· What seems clear is that government attitudes have led to worsening condition of life for the Africans and encouraged the escalation of inter-communal conflicts into bloody clashes and mass murders.
· After the attacks on government outposts began in Darfur, Khartoum enjoined Arab tribal leaders to help put down the rebels. It is these tribal leaders that have formed the janjaweed of impunity to depopulate the Darfur region of Black Africans.
Rwanda Imperialism
· Originally, the small country of Rwanda was divided into two major clans, the Hutus and the Twa. The Hutus were a much larger group of farmers, whereas the Twa were extremely small.
· Later on, in the early 13th century, after the Twa became basically non existent, a larger more influential group came into Rwanda. They were known as the Tutsis.
· Hutus and Tutsies seemed to be living in relative peace. Overtime the Tutsis held more prominent positions of power while the Hutus usually acted as the peasants. (Hutus still took up 92 % of the population)
· Rwanda eventually fell victim to the European powers and fell under the rule of Germany in 1885 during the Berlin Conference.
· Rwanda was in a strategic position, as it was local to other neighboring colonies for Germany to watch as well. However, it was not until 1907 that a German leader set up post in Rwanda. His name was Count von Gotzen.
· After WWI, Rwanda was put into the power of Belgium. Belgium kept control of Rwanda from 1919 to 1962.
· When Rwanda eventually became an independent country, they elected President Gregoire Kayibanda.
Rwanda Genocide
· In 1963, rebel Tutsis tried to kill the president but failed. 12000 Tutsis died because of this act, and led to great tension between the two groups.
· On April 6, 1994 President Habyarimana and the Burundi President were flying together in a plane. Plane was shot down.
· The Hutus contained most of the population, so they blamed the attack fully on the Tutsis. A major genocide broke out. “In retaliation, the RPF again began fighting, though this time not to be stopped. The weak Rwandan military was forced to retreat, and the Rwandan Patriotic Front soon took over complete control of the country.”
· 50,000 people killed
Class Outline
Berlin Conference
· held in Berlin from Nov 15th, 1884 and Nov 26th 1885
· The promoted focus of the conference was controlling slave trade and promoting humanitarian ideals but actually passed empty resolutions about both.
· powers often ignored the desires of the indigenous people living in the country
Imperialism in Sudan
-By 1821, the Egyptians had control of Sudan, but in 1883 several successful revolts were led by Muhammad Ahmad
- Britain joined Egypt in 1898 to defeat the Sudanese rebels at The Battle of Omdurman.
· After win, both powers decide to co-rule Sudan but Britain has most power.
· Britain realized France was also interested
-Confrontation at Fashoda
-France and Britain face off, both want control of Sudan.
-Sudanese rebel in early 1900s—some want to be free, others want Egypt to rule
-Egyptian supporters revolt in 1924 and are crushed
-Egyptian leaders exiled but then joint rule is re-instated in 1936
-In the 40s and 50s, Britain and Egypt allow transfer of power to Sudanese
-Gain independence in 1956
Government in Darfur
§ It was governed by a Sultan named Ali Dinar.
-As Britain tried to create a democracy, it created issues between Darfur's Arabs and its Africans. -also eventually led to the outbreak of the civil war in the south.
Genocide in Sudan
Imperialism In Rwanda
Genocide in Rwanda
Lasting Effects
The majority of Rwandan population was Hutus.
· Hutus were the traditional crop growers.
· Tutsis were landowners.
· European colonists moved in and decided the Tutsis were in charge, due to their land owning, and seemingly aristocratic appearance.
transition pic from darfur to rwanda http://ncowie.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/darfur-poster.jpg
Rwanda Info. http://www.ppu.org.uk/genocide/g_rwanda.html
Chancellor Otto
Muhummad Ahmad
http://angloboer.com/images/omduran.jpg
Battle of Omdurman
http://freespace.virgin.net/jack.clegg/Kitchener.jpg Horatio
http://www.diplomaticobserver.com/images/Ruanda4.jpg Fashoda Meeting
Fashoda Attack http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Agora/8088/AACarnot.jpg
http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/sudan/sd05_00a.gif
Sudans National Emblem
http://1010darfur.org/Darfur_IDPs_children_sitting.jpg
results of darfur
darfur attack aerial view http://www.inthesetimes.com/images/web/web/darfur_aerial.jpg
pictures of rwanda imperialism ...
*need to be added
http://www.unitedhumanrights.org/genocide_in_rwanda.jpg
Tutsi deaths http://www.burningcross.net/inquisition/missionaries/rwanda-dead.JPG
sudans flag
rwanda